Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is a widely used method for assembling electronic components onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Despite its efficiency and high component density, SMT can sometimes result in defects, one of which is the formation of dull joints. Dull joints, often associated with col
Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) machines have become indispensable in modern Surface Mount Technology (SMT) PCB assembly. With the increasing complexity of electronic devices, ensuring the quality, accuracy, and efficiency of PCB assembly processes is critical. This article explores the role of A